Over 90% of leadership theory and writing about leadership emanates from the West and is based on Western priciples and guidelines. But to what extent is this knowledge applicable to other culture and countries?

The debate on this question is dominated by two main streams of thought. On the one hand are those believing in the idea that leadership is 'emic' meaning that specific cultural traditions, values, ideologies and social norms ahve an impact on leadership style and follower behaviour. On the other hand are those arguing that it is 'etic', in the sense that at least some aspects of leadership transcend national cultures and are universally accepted.

In this section you will find resources that address the link between leadership and culture, from various angles and in different contexts. Although the body of evidence from the South, and the non-profit sector is growing, the focus is still predominantly on Western countries and the private sector.

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